ENDNOTES

'The State v Mzizi Shinga' in the Sunday Times, 31 October 1999 at
   http://www.suntimes.co.za/1999/10/31/news/news31.htm  [Accessed 15 October 2003].
Ibid.
R Barday 'Sexual assault cases in the news' (2001 March-May) 5 (1) in Gender News  at
   http://www.communitylawcentre.org.za/gender/gendernews2001/2001_1_assault.php [Accessed 15
   October 2003].
Dispatch Online (25 June 2003) 'Outcry over light sentences for rape' at
   http://www.dispatch.co.za/2003/06/25/southafrica/drape.html [Accessed 21 July 2004]  
The Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997.
Ibid at section 51(1) (b).
Op cit (n 5).
Ibid.
Herein referred to as the Act.
Op cit (n 5).
S v Willemse 1999 (1) SACR 450 CPD at 451 b-c.
Op cit (n 5).
Ibid.
S S Terblanche ‘ Mandatory and Minimum Sentences:  Considering s 51 of the Criminal Law 
   Amendment Act 1997’ (2003) Acta Juridica 194-220 at 194.
Ibid.
J. Sloth-Nielsen and  L. Ehlers ‘Assessing the Impact of Mandatory and Minimum Sentences in  South Africa’
(2005) SA Crime Quarterly  at http://www.iss.co.za/index.php?link_id=24&slink_id=1027&link_
type=12&slink
_type=12&tmpl_id=3  [Accessed 26 July 2007].
A. Quintal ‘Law to plug lesser sentence loophole’ (14 March 2007) Crime and Courts at  http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?from=rss_Crime%20And%20Courts&set_id=1&click_id=15&art
_id=vn20070314013424151C423444 [Accessed 26 July 2007].
The South African Law Commission, Paper 11, Project 82, 30 August 1997 at 1.
Op cit (n 5) at section 51 (3).
2000 JDR 0382 (NC) p. 6 at para. 12 at Daily Law Reports: http://www.sabinet.co.za.
Op cit (n 5).
S v Snyders supra (n 20) p. 12 at para. 3.
2001 (1) SACR 204 (W) at 210 j-211 a.
2001 (2) SACR 244 (W).
Ibid at 251 b-d.
J Lund ‘Sentencing’ (2000) 13 SACJ 249-262 at 253.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid
1999 (2) SACR 368 CPD at 374 i. In casu, the accused pleaded guilty to the rape of a nine-year-old complainant in the
regional court.  Due to the regional court not having the jurisdiction to impose the 
    minimum prescribed sentence of life imprisonment, the matter was referred to the Cape Provincial
Division for sentencing in terms of ss 51(1) and 52 (1) (a) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of  1997.  The Court
eventually sentenced the accused to 18 years imprisonment.
Ibid at 375 d-e.
Ibid.
Ibid.
S v Jansen supra (n 30) at 374 i.
S v Jansen supra (n 30) at 375 e-f.
S v Jansen supra (n 30) at 375 f-g.  
S v Jansen supra (n 30) at 375 h-i.
S v Jansen supra (n 30) at 375 i.
Ibid.
S v Jansen supra (n 30) at 375 i-j.
1999 (1) SACR 502 (W), supra (n 30) at 376 d-f.
At 523i-524d.
S v Jansen supra (n 30) at 376 e-f.
S v Jansen supra (n 30) at 376 g.
S v Jansen supra (n 30) at 376 f-g.
S v Jansen supra (n 30) at 376 g-h.
S v Jansen supra (n 30) at 376 i-j.
Ibid at j.
[1999] 2 WLR 1100 (CA).
S v Jansen supra (n 30) at 377 e-f. Ibid at 1107.
S v Jansen supra (n 30) at 377 g-h.
S v Jansen supra (n 30) at 377 h-i.
1999 (2) SACR 295 (W) at 311 e-i. In casu, the appellant was sentenced in the regional court for
    performing three separate acts of rape upon the complainant within a two- hour period of time. 
    The court considered the ‘compelling and substantial’ circumstances of the accused and found that 
    imposing  a life sentence upon him would be disproportionate to the offence committed by him.  
    Borchers J  considered that the appellant had already spent a lengthy time in prison and sentenced 
    him to fourteen  years imprisonment.
Ibid at 311 e-f.
S v Blaauw supra (n 53) at 311 f-g.
S v Blaauw supra (n 53) at 311 g-i.
S v Blaauw supra (n 53) at 311 h-i.
The South African Law Commission, Paper 102, Project 107, December 2001, 690-735 at 708.
Ibid. Unreported at that time, case no 88/9/99, High Court.
S v Jansen supra (n 30).
Op cit (n 58) at 711-712.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
2002 (2) SACR 435 (SCA).
Ibid at 239 f-240 b.
S v Mahomotsa supra (n 65).
Ibid at 442 d.
S v Mahomotsa supra (n 65) at 442 d-e.
S v Mahomotsa supra (n 65) at 442 e-f.
S v Mahomotsa supra (n 65) at 443 f.
2001 (2) SA 1222 (SCA).
Ibid at 1231 a-b.
S v Malgas supra (n 72) at 1231 a-d.
S v Malgas supra (n 72) at 1235 c.
S v Malgas supra (n 72) at 1234 i-1235 a.
Op cit (n 5).
S v Toms; S v Bruce 1990 (2) SA 802 (A) at 817 c-d.
D Van Zyl Smit ‘Mandatory minimum sentences and departures from them in substantial and compelling circumstances’
(1999) 15 SAJHR 270-276 at 270.
34 CCC (3d) 97 (1987).
67 CCC (3d) 481 (1992).
1996 (2) SACR 638 (Nm).
Op cit (n 79) at 271.
Ibid.
S v Jansen supra (n 30).
Ibid at 373d-e.
S v Jansen supra (n 30) at 373 e.
[2001] JOL 8107 (CC).
Section 35 (3) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996.
S v Dodo supra (n 88) at para. 26, pp. 21-22.
Op cit (n 88).
Section 12 (1) (e) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996.
Prof J J Neser ‘Mandatory minimum sentences in a South African context’, Department of 
    Criminology, University of South Africa at http://www.crisa.org.za/downloads/vvs.pdf  [Accessed 8
    November 2004].
Ibid.
Ibid.
Op cit (n 5).
Op cit (n 93).
S v Mahomotsa supra (n 65).
Ibid at 443 i-j.
S v Mahomotsa supra (n 65) at 444 a.
Op cit (n 5).
Op cit (n 100).
Ibid.
2002 (1) SACR 116 (SCA) at para. [29].
S v Malgsa supra (n 72).
Ibid at 1234 i.
Malgas supra (n 72) at 1234 i-j.
S v Malgas supra (n 72) at 1234 j-1235a.
S v Mahomotsa supra (n 65).
S v Abrahams supra (n 104).
Malgas supra (n 72).
Terblanche op cit (n 14) at 215.
S v Malgas supra (n 70).
Op cit (n 112).
Op cit (n 5).
Op cit (n 112).
A Skelton ‘Juvenile Justice Reform: Children’s Rights versus Crime Control’ 101-102 in CJ Davel 
     (ed) Children’s rights in a transitional society Protea House 1999.
Act 108 of 1996.
Op cit (n 117).
Op cit (n 5).
Op cit (n 117).
Van Zyl Smit op cit (n 79).
S v Mofeking supra (n 41) at 520 f.
S v Blaauw supra (n 53) at 257 b.
Op cit (n 5).
2001 (2) SACR 135 (CPD).
Ibid at 139 g-h.
Lierrin Coulson 'The effects of child abuse on the child victim' at
    http://www.qphs.org/sensem/childabuse.pdf   [Accessed 2 July 2004]
D Van Zyl Smit ‘Mandatory minimum sentences and departures from them in substantial and
      compelling circumstances’ (1999) 15 SAJHR 270-276 at 271.
A Van der Merwe ‘Minimum sentences in child sexual abuse cases: The after-effects of rape as a 
     factor in imposing life imprisonment’ at http://www.iscrl.org/papers/Merwe.pdf      [Accessed 5
     November  2004].
Ibid at 16.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Van der Merwe op cit (n 130) at 19.